From One City to the Next: At Iconium and Lystra
Acts 14:1-20
1 And
it came to pass in Iconium, that they went both together into the synagogue of
the Jews, and so spake, that a great multitude both of the Jews and also of the
Greeks believed. 2 But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles,
and made their minds evil affected against the brethren. 3 Long time
therefore abode they speaking boldly in the Lord, which gave testimony unto the
word of his grace, and granted signs and wonders to be done by their hands. 4
But the multitude of the city was divided: and part held with the Jews, and
part with the apostles. 5 And when there was an assault made both of
the Gentiles, and also of the Jews with their rulers, to use them despitefully,
and to stone them, 6 They were ware of it, and fled unto Lystra and
Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and unto the region that lieth round about: 7
And there they preached the gospel. 8 And
there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet, being a cripple from
his mother’s womb, who never had walked: 9 The same heard Paul
speak: who stedfastly beholding him, and perceiving that he had faith to be
healed, 10 Said with a loud voice, Stand upright on thy feet. And he
leaped and walked. 11 And when the people saw what Paul had done,
they lifted up their voices, saying in the speech of Lycaonia, The gods are
come down to us in the likeness of men. 12 And they called Barnabas,
Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker. 13
Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their city, brought oxen and
garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with the people. 14
Which when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of, they rent their clothes,
and ran in among the people, crying out, 15 And saying, Sirs, why do
ye these things? We also are men of like passions with you, and preach unto you
that ye should turn from these vanities unto the living God, which made heaven,
and earth, and the sea, and all things that are therein: 16 Who in
times past suffered all nations to walk in their own ways. 17
Nevertheless he left not himself without witness, in that he did good, and gave
us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and
gladness. 18 And with these sayings scarce restrained they the
people, that they had not done sacrifice unto them. 19 And there
came thither certain Jews from Antioch and Iconium, who persuaded the people,
and, having stoned Paul, drew him out of the city, supposing he had been dead. 20
Howbeit, as the disciples stood round about him, he rose up, and came into the
city: and the next day he departed with Barnabas to Derbe.
Introduction:
If the book of
Acts is about anything it is about “movement”!
Movement from the
tomb to the throne.
Movement from the
upper room to the Temple.
Movement from
Jerusalem to Judea.
Movement from
Judea to Samaria.
Movement from
Jerusalem to Syrian Antioch.
Movement from the
Jews to the Gentiles.
Movement from
Syrian Antioch to the Gentiles in the Roman Empire and ultimately to Rome, the
heart of the empire itself.
The Lord Jesus
Christ is moving his witnesses and through them the world to His concluding
conquest. This movement began in Jerusalem and continues to this day. Both the progress and the successful
conclusion of His movement is assured by His Spirit and His Word.
The last half of
the book of The Acts of the Ascended
Christ through His Holy Spirit by His Apostles involves movements for a
variety of reasons from city to city now that the great missionary movement to
the nations has been launched in chapter 13.
One of these movement in this first of the missionary
journeys takes us from Pisidian Antioch to Iconium:
Acts 13:51-52 - 51 But they shook off the dust of their
feet against them, and came unto Iconium.
52 And the disciples were filled with joy, and with the Holy
Ghost.
Outline:
I. The Word of His
Grace (14:1-3)
II. The Departure
from Iconium (14:4-6)
III. The Ways of
the Nations (14:7-18)
IV. The Stoning of
Paul (14:19-20)
I. The Word of
His Grace (14:1-3)
1 And
it came to pass in Iconium, that they went both together into the synagogue of
the Jews, and so spake, that a great multitude both of the Jews and also of the
Greeks believed. 2 But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles,
and made their minds evil affected against the brethren. 3 Long time
therefore abode they speaking boldly in the Lord, which gave testimony unto the
word of his grace, and granted signs and wonders to be done by their hands.
1. The Response of Faith (14:1)
2. The Response of
Unbelief (14:2)
3. The Response of
the Lord (14:3)
The is all about the
Word of His Grace!
1. The Response of Faith (14:1)
And it came to pass in Iconium, that
they went both together into the synagogue of the Jews, and so spake, that a
great multitude both of the Jews and also of the Greeks believed.
Rom. 10:17 - So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the
word of God.
2. The Response
of Unbelief (14:2)
But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the
Gentiles, and made their minds evil affected against the brethren.
The provocation of prejudice
3. The Response
of the Lord (14:3)
Long time therefore abode they speaking
boldly in the Lord, which gave testimony unto the word of his grace, and
granted signs and wonders to be done by their hands.
The is all about the
Word of His Grace!
II. The Departure
from Iconium (14:4-6)
4 But
the multitude of the city was divided: and part held with the Jews, and part
with the apostles. 5 And when there was an assault made both of the
Gentiles, and also of the Jews with their rulers, to use them despitefully, and
to stone them, 6 They were ware of it, and fled unto Lystra and
Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and unto the region that lieth round about:
1. The Divided
City (14:4)
2. The Assaulted
Apostles (14:5)
3. The Heeded
Warning (14:6)
1. The Divided
City (14:4)
But the multitude of the city was
divided: and part held with the Jews, and part with the apostles.
The truth of the Gospel of Jesus Christ is a source of
division!
Barnabas an “apostle”? Cp. Acts 4:36; 9:27; 14:14
2. The
Assaulted Apostles (14:5)
And when there was an assault made both
of the Gentiles, and also of the Jews with their rulers, to use them
despitefully, and to stone them,
“The new thing at Iconium was that the Greeks themselves
became divided, part holding with Paul, part with the hostile Jews…” [1]
3. The Heeded
Warning (14:6)
They were ware of it, and fled unto
Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and unto the region that lieth round
about:
There is not doubt Who is in control when the witnesses
of Jesus Christ are opposed!
III. The Ways
of the Nations (14:7-18)
7 And
there they preached the gospel. 8 And
there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet, being a cripple from
his mother’s womb, who never had walked: 9 The same heard Paul
speak: who stedfastly beholding him, and perceiving that he had faith to be
healed, 10 Said with a loud voice, Stand upright on thy feet. And he
leaped and walked. 11 And when the people saw what Paul had done,
they lifted up their voices, saying in the speech of Lycaonia, The gods are
come down to us in the likeness of men. 12 And they called Barnabas,
Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker. 13
Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their city, brought oxen and
garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with the people. 14
Which when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of, they rent their clothes,
and ran in among the people, crying out, 15 And saying, Sirs, why do
ye these things? We also are men of like passions with you, and preach unto you
that ye should turn from these vanities unto the living God, which made heaven,
and earth, and the sea, and all things that are therein: 16 Who in
times past suffered all nations to walk in their own ways. 17
Nevertheless he left not himself without witness, in that he did good, and gave
us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and
gladness. 18 And with these sayings scarce restrained they the
people, that they had not done sacrifice unto them.
1. The Preaching
of the Gospel (14:7)
2. The Healing of
the Cripple (14:8-10)
3. The Response of
the Idolaters (14:11-13)
4. The Reaction of
the Missionaries (14:14-18)
1. The Preaching
of the Gospel (14:7)
And there they preached the gospel.
A simple statement of fact, but a statement heavy with
significance.
2. The Healing
of the Cripple (14:8-10)
8 And
there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet, being a cripple from
his mother’s womb, who never had walked: 9 The same heard Paul
speak: who stedfastly beholding him, and perceiving that he had faith to be
healed, 10 Said with a loud voice, Stand upright on thy feet. And he
leaped and walked.
Contrast the last miracle which was the blinding of
Elymas!
Compare previous healings in Acts beginning with Peter at
the gate.
Consider the details recorded of this incident.
3. The Response
of the Idolaters (14:11-13)
11 And
when the people saw what Paul had done, they lifted up their voices, saying in
the speech of Lycaonia, The gods are come down to us in the likeness of men. 12
And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the
chief speaker. 13 Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their
city, brought oxen and garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice
with the people.
The reality of idolatry
Jupiter (or “Jove”, the king of the gods or chief deity
in the polytheistic pantheon of Roman mythology) = Zeus (the ruler of the
Olympians on Mount Olympus in the polytheistic pantheon of Greek mythology)
Mercury (Roman mythology) = Hermes (Greek mythology)
“saying in the speech of Lycaonia” - “They had not
grasped the situtation at first, because the inhabitants were talking in the
Lycaonian vernacular, which the apostles did not understand.” [2]
4. The Reaction
of the Missionaries (14:14-18)
14 Which
when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of, they rent their clothes, and
ran in among the people, crying out, 15 And saying, Sirs, why do ye
these things? We also are men of like passions with you, and preach unto you
that ye should turn from these vanities unto the living God, which made heaven,
and earth, and the sea, and all things that are therein: 16 Who in
times past suffered all nations to walk in their own ways. 17
Nevertheless he left not himself without witness, in that he did good, and gave
us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and
gladness. 18 And with these sayings scarce restrained they the
people, that they had not done sacrifice unto them.
1) The Confusion
of God’s Unique Incarnation (14:14-15)
2) The Suspension
of God’s Righteous Judgment (14:16)
3) The Revelation
of God’s Common Grace (14:17)
4) The
Preservation of God’s Solitary Worship (14:18)
1) The Confusion of God’s Unique Incarnation
(14:14-15)
14 Which
when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of, they rent their clothes, and
ran in among the people, crying out, 15 And saying, Sirs, why do ye
these things? We also are men of like passions with you, and preach unto you
that ye should turn from these vanities unto the living God, which made heaven,
and earth, and the sea, and all things that are therein:
(1) Note that Barnabas is here referred to as an
“apostle” for the first time.
Cp. Acts 4:36;
9:27; 14:4. [3]
(2) The call to conversion from the false worship of
idols to the true worship of God is preached.
cp. 1 Th. 1:9-10 - 9 For
they themselves shew of us what manner of entering in we had unto you, and how
ye turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God; 10 And to
wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the
wrath to come.
(3) All idolatry is characterized as “vanities”.
(4) All idolatry is contrasted with “the living God”.
(5) The theology of the transcendant Creator is presented
as fundamental to the exposure of idolatry.
2) The Suspension of God’s Righteous Judgment
(14:16)
Who in times past suffered all nations
to walk in their own ways.
Acts 17:29-30 - 29 Forasmuch
then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is
like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's device. 30 And
the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every
where to repent:
This “letting them go their own way” is actually a
judgment of God.
Rom. 1:18-32 - 18 For
the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and
unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness….21 Because
that, when they knew God, they glorified him
not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and
their foolish heart was darkened. 22 Professing themselves to be
wise, they became fools, 23 And changed the glory of the
uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and
fourfooted beasts, and creeping things. 24 Wherefore
God also gave them up to uncleanness
through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between
themselves: 25 Who changed the truth of God
into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who
is blessed for ever. Amen. 26 For
this cause God gave them up unto vile
affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which
is against nature: 27 And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the
woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which
is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which
was meet. 28 And even as they did not like to
retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind,
to do those things which are not convenient; 29 Being filled with all unrighteousness,
fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder,
debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, 30 Backbiters,
haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things,
disobedient to parents, 31 Without
understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable,
unmerciful: 32 Who knowing the judgment of God,
that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same,
but have pleasure in them that do them.
Rom. 2:3-5 - 3 And
thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest
the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God? 4 Or despisest
thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing
that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance? 5 But
after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath
against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;
3) The Revelation of God’s Common Grace (14:17)
Nevertheless he left not himself
without witness, in that he did good, and gave us rain from heaven, and
fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness.
God witnesses to Himself even to those without special
revelation and caught up in idolatry
Ps. 19:1-6 - 1 The heavens declare the glory of
God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. 2
Day
unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth knowledge. 3 There
is
no speech nor language, where their
voice is not heard. 4 Their
line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the
world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 5 Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. 6 His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it:
and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof.
Acts 17:27-28 - 27 That
they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him,
though he be not far from every one of us: 28 For in him we live, and move,
and have our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are
also his offspring.
Rom. 1:19-20 - 19 Because
that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. 20 For
the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen,
being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without
excuse:
God’s witness to Himself consists of:
(1) doing good - the general statement which is expounded
in what follows
(2) giving rain - the first specific example of God’s
goodness in common grace
(3) giving harvests - the second specific example of
God’s goodness in common grace, which is a direct result of the first
(4) filling with food - the first satisfying result of
the specific examples of God’s goodness
(5) filling with gladness - the second satisfying result
of the specific examples of God’s goodness
Ps. 104:24-28 - 24 O
LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth
is full of thy riches. 25 So is this
great and wide sea, wherein are
things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts. 26 There
go the ships: there is that
leviathan, whom thou hast made to
play therein. 27 These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat in due season. 28 That thou givest them they gather:
thou openest thine hand, they are filled with good.
4) The Preservation of God’s Solitary Worship
(14:18)
And with these sayings scarce
restrained they the people, that they had not done sacrifice unto them.
IV. The Stoning
of Paul (14:19-20)
19 And
there came thither certain Jews from Antioch and Iconium, who persuaded the
people, and, having stoned Paul, drew him out of the city, supposing he had
been dead. 20 Howbeit, as the disciples stood round about him, he
rose up, and came into the city: and the next day he departed with Barnabas to
Derbe.
1. Think
Again! It Ain’t Over Until Jesus Says
It’s Over! (14:19)
2. Same Song,
Different Day, Different City! On to Derbe! (14:20)
1. Think
Again! It Ain’t Over Until Jesus Says
It’s Over! (14:19)
And there came thither certain Jews
from Antioch and Iconium, who persuaded the people, and, having stoned Paul,
drew him out of the city, supposing he had been dead.
2 Cor. 12:1-6 - 1 It is
not expedient for me doubtless to glory. I will come to visions and revelations
of the Lord. 2 I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in
the body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God
knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven. 3 And I
knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God
knoweth;) 4 How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard
unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. 5 Of
such an one will I glory: yet of myself I will not glory, but in mine infirmities. 6 For
though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I will say the
truth: but now I forbear, lest any
man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth
of me.
“A god one day, a mere man the next day stoned and left
for dead.” [4]
2. Same Song,
Different Day, Different City! On to Derbe! (14:20)
Howbeit, as the disciples stood
round about him, he rose up, and came into the city: and the next day he
departed with Barnabas to Derbe.
The result in this case is in dramatic contrast to that
of Stephen the Deacon in Acts 7!
“Now he knew what it was to be stoned himself by the fury
of a mob.” [5]
2 Cor. 11:23-25 - 23 Are
they ministers of Christ? (I speak as a fool) I am more; in labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in
prisons more frequent, in deaths oft. 24 Of the Jews five times received
I forty stripes save one. 25 Thrice
was I beaten with rods, once was I stoned, thrice I suffered shipwreck, a night
and a day I have been in the deep;
2 Tim. 3:10-11 - 10 But thou hast
fully known my doctrine, manner of life, purpose, faith, longsuffering,
charity, patience, 11 Persecutions, afflictions, which came unto
me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra; what persecutions I endured: but out of them all the Lord delivered me.
“Probably Timothy was in that circle.” [6]
Conclusion:
I. The Word of His
Grace (14:1-3)
1. The Response of Faith (14:1)
2. The Response of Unbelief (14:2)
3. The Response of the Lord (14:3)
II. The Departure
from Iconium (14:4-6)
1. The Divided City (14:4)
2. The Assaulted Apostles (14:5)
3. The Heeded Warning (14:6)
III. The Ways of
the Nations (14:7-18)
1. The Preachng of the Gospel (14:7)
2. The Healing of the Cripple (14:8-10)
3. The Response of the Idolaters (14:11-13)
4. The Reaction of the Missionaries (14:14-18)
1) The Confusion of God’s Unique Incarnation
(14:14-15)
2) The Suspension of God’s Righteous Judgment
(14:16)
3) The Revelation of God’s Common Grace (14:17)
4) The Preservation of God’s Solitary Worship
(14:18)
IV. The Stoning of
Paul (14:19-20)
1. Think Again!
It Ain’t Over Until Jesus Says It’s Over! (14:19)
2. Same Song, Different Day, Different City! On
to Derbe! (14:20)
[Sermon preached 8
JUN 2014 by Pastor John T. “Jack” Jeffery at Wayside Gospel Chapel, Greentown,
PA.]
Resources on Acts:
G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson, eds., Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old
Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), pp. 513-606.
Paul Barnett, The Birth of Christianity: The First
Twenty Years, After Jesus, Vol. 1
(Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2005).
Darrell L. Bock, Acts, Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament, eds. Robert W.
Yarbrough and Robert H. Stein (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007).
F. F. Bruce, The
Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary, 2nd
ed. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1951, 1952).
I. Howard Marshall, Acts: An Introduction And
Commentary, Vol. 5 in Tyndale New
Testament Commentaries, gen. ed. Leon Morris (Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity Press, 1980; 2008 reprint).
David G. Peterson, The Acts of the Apostles, The Pillar New Testament Commentaries,
gen. ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2009).
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David S. Dockery (Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, Publishers, 1992).
Eckhard J. Schnabel, Acts, Vol. 5 in the Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New
Testament, gen. ed. Clinton E. Arnold (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2012).
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series ed. James Luther Mays, New Testament ed. Paul J. Achtemeier (Louisville,
KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2010).
Resources on the Sermons in Acts:
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Testament, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.,
1959, 1977).
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(London: The Tyndale Press, 1942).
Note: This was delivered as The Tyndale New Testament Lecture 19 DEC 1942 at a Conference of
graduate and theological student members of the Inter-Varsity Fellowship in
Wadham College, Oxford. Available as a free
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[accessed 8 FEB 2013].
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Acts―Thirty Years After,” Robert Banks, ed., Reconciliation and Hope. New Testament Essays on Atonement and
Eschatology Presented to L.L. Morris on his 60th Birthday (Carlisle:
The Paternoster Press, 1974), pp. 53-68; PDF on Biblical Studies at http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rh/acts_bruce.pdf
[accessed 8 FEB 2013].
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Speeches of the Book of Acts", in Jerusalem and Athens: Critical
Discussions on the Philosophy and Apologetics of Cornelius Van Til, ed. E.
R. Geehan (Phillipsburg, NJ:
Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1971), pp. 260-272, Ch. XIII,
notes on pp. 473-477.
Leon Morris, The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross
(Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1955).
Resources on Paul:
Kenneth E. Bailey, Paul Through
Mediterranean Eyes: Cultural Studies in 1 Corinthians (Downers Grove,
IL: IVP Academic, 2011).
F. F. Bruce, Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free
(Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977).
D. A. Carson, The Gagging of God: Christianity Confronts
Pluralism (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), pp. 496-501.
W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson, The Life, Times and
Travels of St. Paul, 2 vols. in 1, unabridged American ed. (New York: E. B.
Treat U Co., 1869); on Google Books
at http://books.google.com/books?id=Bn1CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[accessed 12 FEB 2013].
Adolf Deissmann, Paul: A Study in Social and Religious
History, 2nd ed., trans. William E. Wilson (New York: Harper Torchbooks,
n.d.).
F. W. Farrar, The Life and Work of St. Paul (New
York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1889); on Google
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[accessed 12 FEB 2013].
Bruce N. Fisk, “Paul: Life and
Letters”, in The Face of New Testament Studies: A Survey of Recent Research,
ed. Scot McKnight and Grant R. Osborne (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004),
pp. 283-325.
Richard B.Gaffin, Jr.,
"Acts and Paul", 46 lectures (MP3 format), WTS Resources Media Center
on Westminster Theological Seminary
at http://wts.edu/resources/media.html?paramType=audio&filterTopic=5&filterSpeaker=10&filterYear=2005 [accessed 20 MAR 2013].
Frank J. Goodwin, A Harmony of the Life of the St. Paul
According to the Acts of the Apostles and the Pauline Epistles (New York:
American Tract Society, 1895); on Google
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[accessed 12 FEB 2013].
Richard N. Longenecker, The Ministry And Message Of Paul
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1971).
Richard N. Longenecker, Paul, Apostle Of Liberty (New
York: Harper & Row, 1964).
Richard N. Longenecker, ed., The Road From Damascus : The
Impact Of Paul's Conversion On His Life, Thought, And Ministry (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997).
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Theological (Sheffield : Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2004).
J. Gresham Machen, The Origin of Paul's Religion: The
James Sprunt Lectures Delivered at Union Theological Seminary in Virginia
(Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1925).
Leon Morris, The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross
(Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1955).
John Pollock, The Apostle: A Life of Paul, 3rd ed.
(Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 1969, 2012); also published as The Man Who
Shook the World (Wheaton: Victor Books, 1972; originally The Apostle: A Life of Paul, New York:
Doubleday, 1969).
Stanley E. Porter, Paul in Acts, in Library of Pauline Studies, gen. ed.
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[1] A. T. Robertson, Epochs in the Life of Paul: A
Study of Development in Paul's Character (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House,
1974), pg. 117.
[2] F. F. Bruce, The Defense of the Gospel in the New
Testament, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.,
1959, 1977), pg. 36.
[3] On this issue see, e.g., Udo Schnelle, Apostle
Paul: His Life and Theology, trans. M. Eugene Boring (Grand Rapids: Baker
Academic, 2003; trans. from Paulus: Leben
und Denken, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., n.d.), pp. 115,
570-571.
[4] Robertson, op. cit., pg.
118.
[5] Robertson, op. cit., pg.
119.
[6] Robertson, op. cit., pg.
118.
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