Paul Before the Council
Acts 23:1-10
Part 2: Paul’s Second Statement Before the Council,
and the Division of the Council (23:6-10)
6 But
when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees,
he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a
Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question. 7
And when he had so said, there arose a dissension between the Pharisees
and the Sadducees: and the multitude was divided. 8 For the
Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit: but the
Pharisees confess both. 9 And there arose a great cry: and the
scribes that were of the Pharisees’ part arose, and strove, saying, We find no
evil in this man: but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him, let us not
fight against God. 10 And when there arose a great dissension, the
chief captain, fearing lest Paul should have been pulled in pieces of them,
commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them,
and to bring him into the castle.
Outline:
II. Paul’s Second Statement Before the Council, and the
Division of the Council (23:6-10)
1. The Second Statement by Paul
to the Council (23:6)
2. The Reason for the Dissension
in the Council (23:7-8)
3. The Conclusion of Part of the
Council (23:9)
4. The Rescue of Paul From the
Council (23:10)
1. The Second Statement by Paul to the Council (23:6)
But
when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees,[1] and the other Pharisees,[2] he cried out in the council, Men and
brethren,[3] I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee:[4] of the hope and resurrection of the dead[5] I am called in question.
the
one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees
What a strange ecumenical brew this is! Imagine this as
if the liberal denominations in the World Council of Churches had united with
the Romanists! What brings together those who deny every fundamental
supernatural doctrine with those who profess the opposite with their lips while
denying it in practice?
I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee
Paul has something in common with one party in the
Council, and he is now going to use that to expose a doctrinal divide in their
midst.
of the
hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question
This is the crux! Now Paul has turned the issue from that
presenting charge concerning the Gentiles to the Gospel of Jesus Christ! It
will no longer be about whether he brought a Gentile into the Temple or not, or
whether his own conscience is clear or not. He has steered the conversation
from his defense to his proclamation!
2. The Reason for the Dissension in the Council
(23:7-8)
7 And when he had so said, there
arose a dissension between the Pharisees and the Sadducees: and the multitude
was divided. 8 For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection,
neither angel, nor spirit: but the Pharisees confess both.
Have you ever heard the term “rising” or “risings” as a
reference to tumultuous events in history? It is often heard regarding the
Irish revolts against English occupation of their island. The most notorious of
these was the “Easter Rising” in Dublin in 1916.[6]
In this usage the word refers to an uprising, otherwise known as an
insurrection or rebellion. That is not quite what I have in mind when I speak
of the “rising” to be noted in these verses in Acts! There is a “rising” in
these five verses (23:5-10), but this “rising” is not quite what the word
conveys in Irish History!
There are words in every one of these five verses that
are closely related, but this connection is not apparent in the English
translation. Notice the word translated “dissension” in verse 7, and “great
dissension” in verse 10, the word translated “resurrection” in verses 6 and 8, and
the one translated “arose” in verse 9. These are all from the same root word.
In the usages translated “dissension” in verses 7 and 10 we actually come close
to the Irish historical understanding. There is an “uprising” going on here.
Tempers are flaring, the temperature of the argument is getting hotter, the
volume of the voices increases, and the threat is elevated to an extreme
degree.
What is remarkable is what sets this off is another word
from the same root! Paul’s statement concerning “the hope and resurrection of
the dead,”(vs. 6) i.e., rising up from the dead, is what provokes the rising of the tempers and
the heat of the argument, as evidenced by the raising of the volume, and
climaxing in the elevation of the threat level.
The “dead” are rising up here. Oh, yes they are! These
opponents of the Gospel, who are quite dead in their sin and unbelief, are rising
up against the appointed witness to the resurrected and ascended One!
Significant
Structural Elements in Acts 23:6-10[7]
In each verse the
same root word is repeated. The “rising” here is not in the words translated three
times as “there arose” (23:7, 9, and 10), but in the seemingly unrelated words in
the English translation in each of these verses that I have highlighted in bold
red font as follows:
6 But perceiving
that one group were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, Paul began crying out in the Council,
“Brethren, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees; I am on trial for the hope and resurrection
of the dead!”
7 And
when he had so said, there arose a dissension between the Pharisees and the
Sadducees: and the multitude was divided.
8 For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection,
neither angel, nor spirit:
but the Pharisees confess both.
9 And there arose a great cry: and the scribes that were of the Pharisees’ part arose, and
strove, saying, We find no evil in this man: but if a spirit or an angel hath
spoken to him, let us not fight against God.
10 And when there arose a great dissension, the chief captain, fearing
lest Paul should have been pulled in pieces of them, commanded the soldiers to
go down, and to take him by force from among them, and to bring him into the castle.
3. The Conclusion of Part of the Council (23:9)
And there arose a great cry: and
the scribes that were of the Pharisees’ part arose, and strove, saying, We find
no evil in this man: but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him, let us not
fight against God.
There
is an if here, but it speaks of
caution, and opens the door to the possibility that they may find themselves on
the wrong side of God if they are not
careful. There also appears to be an awareness that Paul had been falsely
accused, and that more is going on here than meets the eye and the ear, i.e.,
that there is an agenda, a hidden agenda, that has produced this situation. In
this assessment these scribes are speaking into this uproar with an assertion
of disagreement with the party of the high priest in their attempt to silence
Paul, and the Asian Jews who brought the accusation in the first place (22:27).
“…the Pharisees were quite as anxious for a dogmatic
victory over their opponents as to throw the shield of the “fraternity” over
one of its professed members.”[8]
4. The Rescue
of Paul From the Council (23:10)
And when there arose a great
dissension, the chief captain, fearing lest Paul should have been pulled in
pieces of them, commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force
from among them, and to bring him into the castle.
Once again the Gentile military power steps in to prevent
the violence against Paul from going any further. Once again the Jewish
opponents of Paul lose control, and are foiled in their attempt to murder him.
As before, their actions continue to exhibit consist lack of legality and
reason.
Conclusion:
1. The focus has shifted from the personal regarding
Paul’s conscience (23:1), and his identity as a Pharisee (23:6), to the
doctrine of the resurrection, and the true hope provided by that doctrine. In
seeking to win others to Christ it may be approriate to share our personal
testimony, but our witness must not rest there. Unbelievers must be brought to
the foot of the Cross, into the Empty Tomb, and before the Throne of the
Ascended One. This is what Paul has begun to do as the scene shifted based on
his statements before the Council. This is a pattern that we must follow for an
effective witness. It is not about us or our experiences. It is not aboutwhat
is happening to us, or being done to us by others. It is about the Person and
work of Jesus Christ, and we must turn the focus to this sooner, rather than
later.
2. We must not allow unbelievers to set the agenda.
Notice how Paul, as the Apostle of Jesus Christ, has turned the case from the
false accusation about taking a Gentile into the Temple, to the issue of the
resurrection. Unbelievers do not have the truth, and therefore, have nothing to
say. There may have been agreement with the Pharisees about the supernatural,
including a general belief in a future resurrection, but it does not end there
for Paul. He is interrupted once again, but he has already testified to the
historical resurrection event of Jesus Christ in this sequence of events, and
will have opportunity to do so again in the near future. The reduction of who
spoke to him to that of a mere angel or spirit will not stand, and cannot do
justice to what happened to him on the Damascus Road. The pattern here is
comparable to what Christ did every time His opponents attempted to ensare,
trap or charge Him. He turned the tables on them, took the initiative away from
them, and controlled the agenda. That is exactly what happened here. The
enemies of the Gospel lost control. The Acts of the Ascended Christ through His
Holy Spirit by His Apostles makes quite clear who is in control throughout.
This did not end at the end of the historical narrative in this book! Ananias
is not in control. The Sadducees are not in control. The Pharisees are not in
control. Neither are the Roman military authorities. One is on the Throne in
glory, and His witness is being borne. It behooves us as His witnesses to
embrace that, to expect it, and to act accordingly.
Complete outline:
II. Paul’s Second Statement Before the Council, and the
Division of the Council (23:6-10)
1. The Second Statement by Paul
to the Council (23:6)
2. The Reason for the Dissension
in the Council (23:7-8)
3. The Conclusion of Part of the
Council (23:9)
4. The Rescue of Paul From the
Council (23:10)
[Sermon preached 8
MAR 2015 by Pastor John T. “Jack” Jeffery at Wayside Gospel Chapel, Greentown,
PA.]
Appendix 1 — Resources
cited in Notes
“1916 Easter
Rising,” on BBC at http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/
[accessed 21 FEB 2015].
“The 1916 Easter
Rising,” on History Learning Site at http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1916_easter_rising.htm
[accessed 21 FEB 2015].
Adolf Deissmann, Paul:
A Study in Social and Religious History, 2nd ed., trans. William E. Wilson
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, n.d.).
John Dorney, “The
Easter Rising — A brief overview” (22 APR 2011), on The Irish Story at http://www.theirishstory.com/2011/04/22/the-easter-rising-%E2%80%93-a-brief-overview/#.VOjGtvnF98E
[accessed 21 FEB 2015].
“Easter Rising”
on History at http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/easter-rising
[accessed 21 FEB 2015].
“Easter Rising
1916,” on Easter Rising 1916 at http://www.easter1916.net/ [accessed 21 FEB 2015].
Alfred Edersheim, Sketches
of Jewish Social Life In the Days of Christ (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans
Publishing Co., n.d.; 1979 reprint); on Christian Classics
Ethereal Library (CCEL) at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/sketches.html [accessed 28 FEB 2015].
Joachim Jeremias, Jerusalem
in the Time of Jesus: An Investigation into Economic and Social Conditions
during the New Testament Period, trans. F. H. Cave and C. H. Cave
(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1969; from Jerusalem
zur Zeit Jesu, 3rd rev. ed., Gottingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck &
Ruprecht, 1962).
Maria Luddy,
“Ireland Rising,” History Today 62:9
(SEP 2012); on History Today at http://www.historytoday.com/maria-luddy/ireland-rising
[accessed 21 FEB 2015].
J. Gresham Machen, The
Origin of Paul's Religion: The James Sprunt Lectures Delivered at Union
Theological Seminary in Virginia (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Co., 1925).
Stanley E. Porter, Paul
in Acts, in Library of Pauline
Studies, gen. ed. Stanley E. Porter (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers,
Inc., 1999; 2001 reprint of The Paul of
Acts: Essays in Literary Criticism, Rhetoric and Theology, in Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen
Testament 115, by Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen).
Udo Schnelle, Apostle
Paul: His Life and Theology, trans. M. Eugene Boring (Grand Rapids: Baker
Academic, 2003; trans. from Paulus: Leben
und Denken, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., n.d.).
Appendix 2 — Significant
Structural Elements in Acts 23:6-10
VS
|
KJV
|
BYZ
|
6
|
But perceiving that one
group were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, Paul began crying out in the Council, “Brethren, I am
a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees; I am on trial for the hope and resurrection
of the dead!”
|
Γνοὺς δὲ ὁ Παῦλος ὅτι τὸ ἓν μέρος ἐστὶν Σαδδουκαίων, τὸ
δὲ ἕτερον Φαρισαίων,
ἔκραξεν ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ,
Ἄνδρες ἀδελφοί, ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι, υἱὸς Φαρισαίου·
περὶ ἐλπίδος καὶ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν ἐγὼ κρίνομαι.
|
7
|
And when he had
so said,
there
arose a dissension
between the
Pharisees
and the
Sadducees:
and the
multitude was divided.
|
Τοῦτο δὲ αὐτοῦ λαλήσαντος,
ἐγένετο στάσις
τῶν Φαρισαίων,N
[καὶ τῶν Σαδδουκαίων,]
καὶ ἐσχίσθη τὸ πλῆθος.
|
8
|
For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection,
neither angel, nor spirit:
but the Pharisees confess both.
|
Σαδδουκαῖοι μὲν
γὰρ λέγουσιν
μὴ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν,
μηδὲ ἄγγελον,
μήτε πνεῦμα· Φαρισαῖοι δὲ ὁμολογοῦσιν τὰ ἀμφότερα.
|
9
|
And there arose
a great cry:
and the scribes that
were of the Pharisees’ part arose,
and strove, saying,
We find no evil in this man:
but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him,
let us not fight against God.
|
Ἐγένετο δὲ κραυγὴ μεγάλη·
καὶ ἀναστάντες
οἱ γραμματεῖς
τοῦ μέρους τῶν
Φαρισαίων
διεμάχοντο λέγοντες,
Οὐδὲν κακὸν εὑρίσκομεν
ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τούτῳ·
εἰ δὲ πνεῦμα ἐλάλησεν
αὐτῷ ἢ ἄγγελος,
μὴ θεομαχῶμεν.
|
10
|
And when there
arose
a
great dissension, the chief captain, fearing lest Paul should have been
pulled in pieces of them,
commanded the soldiers
to go down, and to take him by force from among them, and to bring him into the castle.
|
Πολλῆς δὲ γενομένης
στάσεως, εὐλαβηθεὶς ὁ χιλίαρχος μὴ διασπασθῇ ὁ Παῦλος ὑπʼ αὐτῶν,
ἐκέλευσεν τὸ στράτευμα καταβῆναι καὶ ἁρπάσαι αὐτὸν ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν,
ἄγειν τε εἰς τὴν παρεμβολήν.
|
Appendix 3 — Resources
on Acts
G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson, eds., Commentary on the New Testament Use of
the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), pp. 513-606.
Paul Barnett, The
Birth of Christianity: The First Twenty Years, After Jesus, Vol. 1 (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing
Co., 2005).
Darrell L. Bock, Acts,
Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New
Testament, eds. Robert W. Yarbrough and Robert H. Stein (Grand Rapids:
Baker Academic, 2007).
F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text
with Introduction and Commentary, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans
Publishing Co., 1951, 1952).
Dennis E. Johnson, The Message of Acts in the History of
Redemption (Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1997).
I. Howard Marshall, Acts:
An Introduction And Commentary, Vol. 5 in Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, gen. ed. Leon Morris (Downers
Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1980; 2008 reprint).
David G. Peterson, The
Acts of the Apostles, in The Pillar
New Testament Commentaries, gen. ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids: William B.
Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2009).
John B. Polhill, Acts,
Vol. 26 in The New American Commentary,
gen. ed. David S. Dockery (Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, Publishers,
1992).
Eckhard J. Schnabel, Acts,
Vol. 5 in the Zondervan Exegetical
Commentary on the New Testament, gen. ed. Clinton E. Arnold (Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 2012).
W. C. van Unnik, “The ‘Book of Acts’ the Confirmation of
the Gospel,” in Novum Testamentum 4:1
(OCT 1960), pp. 26-59; reprinted in The
Composition of Luke’s Gospel: Selected Studies from Novum Testamentum,
compiled by David E. Orton, Vol. 1 of Brill’s
Readers in Biblical Studies (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 184-218.
William H. Willimon, Acts,
in Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for
Teaching and Preaching, series ed. James Luther Mays, New Testament ed.
Paul J. Achtemeier (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2010).
Appendix 4 — Resources on Paul
Kenneth E. Bailey, Paul Through Mediterranean Eyes: Cultural
Studies in 1 Corinthians (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2011).
F. F. Bruce, Paul:
Apostle of the Heart Set Free (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing
Co., 1977).
D. A. Carson, The
Gagging of God: Christianity Confronts Pluralism (Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1996), pp. 496-501.
W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson, The Life, Times and Travels of St. Paul, 2 vols. in 1, unabridged
American ed. (New York: E. B. Treat U Co., 1869); on Google Books at http://books.google.com/books?id=Bn1CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[accessed 12 FEB 2013].
Adolf Deissmann, Paul:
A Study in Social and Religious History, 2nd ed., trans. William E. Wilson
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, n.d.).
F. W. Farrar, The Life
and Work of St. Paul (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1889); on Google Books at http://books.google.com/books?id=RB2KeCSM6KsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[accessed 12 FEB 2013].
Bruce N. Fisk, “Paul: Life and
Letters”, in The Face of New Testament
Studies: A Survey of Recent Research, ed. Scot McKnight and Grant R.
Osborne (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004), pp. 283-325.
Richard B.Gaffin, Jr.,
"Acts and Paul", 46 lectures (MP3 format), WTS Resources Media Center
on Westminster Theological Seminary
at http://wts.edu/resources/media.html?paramType=audio&filterTopic=5&filterSpeaker=10&filterYear=2005 [accessed 20 MAR 2013].
Frank J. Goodwin, A
Harmony of the Life of the St. Paul According to the Acts of the Apostles and
the Pauline Epistles (New York: American Tract Society, 1895); on Google Books at http://books.google.com/books?id=YgpEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[accessed 12 FEB 2013].
Richard N. Longenecker, The
Ministry And Message Of Paul (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1971).
Richard N. Longenecker, Paul,
Apostle Of Liberty (New York: Harper & Row, 1964).
Richard N. Longenecker, ed., The Road From Damascus : The Impact Of Paul's Conversion On His Life,
Thought, And Ministry (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997).
Richard N. Longenecker, Studies
In Paul, Exegetical And Theological (Sheffield : Sheffield Phoenix Press,
2004).
J. Gresham Machen, The
Origin of Paul's Religion: The James Sprunt Lectures Delivered at Union
Theological Seminary in Virginia (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Co., 1925).
Leon Morris, The
Apostolic Preaching of the Cross (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Co., 1955).
John Pollock, The
Apostle: A Life of Paul, 3rd ed. (Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 1969,
2012); also published as The Man Who
Shook the World (Wheaton: Victor Books, 1972; originally The Apostle: A Life of Paul, New York:
Doubleday, 1969).
Stanley E. Porter, Paul
in Acts, in Library of Pauline
Studies, gen. ed. Stanley E. Porter (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers,
Inc., 1999; 2001 reprint of The Paul of
Acts: Essays in Literary Criticism, Rhetoric and Theology, in Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen
Testament 115, by Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen).
W. M. Ramsay, The
Cities of St. Paul: Their Influence on his Life and Thought (New York: A.
C. Armstrong and Son; London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1908); on Google Books at http://books.google.com/books?id=JryEbmKool0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[accessed 13 FEB 2013].
W. M. Ramsay, Pauline
and Other Studies in Early Christian History (New York: A. C. Armstrong and
Son, 1906); on Google Books at http://books.google.com/books?id=-1ZJAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[accessed 13 FEB 2013].
W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul
the Traveler and the Roman Citizen, 10th ed. (London: Hodder and Stoughton,
1907); on Christian Classics Ethereal
Library (CCEL) at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/ramsay/paul_roman.html
[accessed 13 FEB 2013].
W. M. Ramsay, The
Teaching of Paul in terms of The Present Day: The Deems Lectures in New York
University (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914); on Internet Archive at http://ia600404.us.archive.org/2/items/teachingofpaulin00rams/teachingofpaulin00rams.pdf
[accessed 13 FEB 2013].
A. T. Robertson, Epochs
in the Life of Paul: A Study of Development in Paul's Character (Grand
Rapids: Baker Book House, 1974).
Eckhard J. Schnabel, Paul The Missionary: Realities, Strategies
And Methods (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic,
2008).
Udo Schnelle, Apostle
Paul: His Life and Theology, trans. M. Eugene Boring (Grand Rapids: Baker
Academic, 2003; trans. from Paulus: Leben
und Denken, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., n.d.).
Thomas R. Schreiner, Paul,
Apostle of God's Glory in Christ: A Pauline Theology (Downers Grove, IL:
IVP Academic, 2001).
James Stalker, The
Life of St. Paul, (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1885; rev. ed. 2010 by
Kessinger Publishing from 1912 ed.); on Google
Books at http://books.google.com/books?id=vT0HAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[accessed 7 FEB 2013].
James Ironside Still, St.
Paul on Trial (London: Student Christian Movement, 1923).
End Notes:
[1] Joachim Jeremias, Jerusalem
in the Time of Jesus: An Investigation into Economic and Social Conditions
during the New Testament Period, trans. F. H. Cave and C. H. Cave
(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1969; from Jerusalem
zur Zeit Jesu, 3rd rev. ed., Gottingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck &
Ruprecht, 1962), pp. 228-232.
[2] Jeremias, op. cit., pp. 246-267. Alfred Edersheim, Sketches of Jewish Social Life In the Days
of Christ (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., n.d.; 1979
reprint), pp. 227-248; on Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL) at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/sketches.html [accessed 28 FEB 2015].
[3] “The phrase “men brothers” is used frequently in
Acts…” Stanley
E. Porter, Paul in Acts, in Library of Pauline Studies, gen. ed.
Stanley E. Porter (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1999; 2001
reprint of The Paul of Acts: Essays in
Literary Criticism, Rhetoric and Theology, in Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 115, by Mohr
Siebeck, Tubingen), pp. 133-134. Porter
lists “Acts 1:16; 2:29, 37; 7:2; 13:15, 26, 38; 15:7, 13; 22:1; 23:1, 6;
28:17.” Op. cit., pg. 134, note 24. On Acts 28:17-20 Porter remarks: “The first
element of Paul’s speech is his word of direct address, “men brothers”….words
of address used always in Acts by Jews to Jews…” Op. cit., pg. 163. Porter once
again lists the usages of this phrase in Acts, but adds an exception to the
preceding statement, “except 13:16, where god-fearers are included, though Jews
are not excluded.” Ibid.
[4] “…surely it requires no excessively favorable
estimate of Acts to give credence to the asseton in Acts xxiii. 6 that Paul was
not only a Pharisee but the “son of Pharisees”; and it is exceedingly unlikely
that this phrase refers, as Lightfoot suggested, to teachers rather than to
ancestors.” J.
Gresham Machen, The Origin of Paul's
Religion: The James Sprunt Lectures Delivered at Union Theological Seminary in
Virginia (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1925), pp. 46-47. The reference to Lightfoot is to his work on
Phil. 3:5. See also: Udo Schnelle, Apostle Paul:
His Life and Theology, trans. M. Eugene Boring (Grand Rapids: Baker
Academic, 2003; trans. from Paulus: Leben
und Denken, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., n.d.), pp. 64-69; and
Adolf Deissmann, Paul: A Study in Social
and Religious History, 2nd ed., trans. William E. Wilson (New York: Harper
Torchbooks, n.d.), pp. 93-94.
[5] “For the basis in Old Testament
and early Jewish texts…” see Schnelle, op. cit., pg. 72, note 80.
[6] “Easter Rising” on History at http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/easter-rising [accessed 21 FEB 2015]. Maria Luddy, “Ireland
Rising,” History Today 62:9 (SEP
2012); on History Today at http://www.historytoday.com/maria-luddy/ireland-rising [accessed 21 FEB 2015]. “The 1916 Easter Rising,” on History Learning Site at http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1916_easter_rising.htm [accessed 21 FEB 2015].
“Easter Rising 1916,” on Easter Rising 1916 at http://www.easter1916.net/ [accessed 21 FEB 2015]. John Dorney, “The Easter
Rising — A brief overview” (22 APR 2011), on The Irish Story at http://www.theirishstory.com/2011/04/22/the-easter-rising-%E2%80%93-a-brief-overview/#.VOjGtvnF98E [accessed 21 FEB 2015]. “1916 Easter Rising,” on BBC at http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/ [accessed 21 FEB 2015].
[7] See
Appendix 2 below.
[8] Alfred Edersheim, op. cit., pg. 228.
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